Neurosciences
Filter subject
57 Books / subject Neurosciences
- Administrative Sciences
- Biochemistry, Medicine & Health
- Chemistry
- Computer & Communication Sciences
- Engineering
- Environmental Sciences
- Geosciences
- Housing
- Life & Behavioural Sciences
- Mathematics/Electronics/Mechanics
- Neurosciences
- Physics
- Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology
- Social Sciences: Economics/Policy/Management
- Townplanning & Architecture
- Transportation Sciences
From Islands to Portraits
- Pub. date
- January 2000
- Author
- Perosa, S.
- Volume
- 5 of Veneto Institute of Sciences, Letters and Arts Series
- Price
- US$68 / €61
- ISBN
- 978-1-58603-055-1
- Subject
- Language Speech, Neurosciences
read more...
European Neurological Network
- Pub. date
- January 2000
- Editors
- Paiva, T., Penzel, T.
- Volume
- 78 of Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
- Price
- US$120 / €109
- ISBN
- 978-1-58603-084-1
- Subject
- Neurosciences
read more...
A Molecular Biology Approach to Parkinson’s Disease
- Pub. date
- January 2000
- Editor
- Jenner, P.
- Volume
- 26 of Biomedical and Health Research
- Price
- US$102 / €92
- ISBN
- 978-90-5199-423-0
- Subject
- Medicine & Health, Neurosciences
read more...
Frontiers in Whiplash Trauma
- Pub. date
- January 2000
- Editors
- Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F.A.
- Volume
- 38 of Biomedical and Health Research
- Price
- US$113 / €102
- ISBN
- 978-1-58603-012-4
- Subject
- Medicine & Health, Neurosciences, Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology
read more...
Research into Spinal Deformities 2
- Pub. date
- January 1999
- Editors
- Stokes, I.A.F., Dangerfield, P.
- Volume
- 59 of Studies in Health Technology and Informatics
- Price
- US$130 / €118
- ISBN
- 978-90-5199-430-8
- Subject
- Neurosciences
read more...
The Neuronal Ceroid Lipofuscinoses (Batten Disease)
- Pub. date
- January 1999
- Editors
- Goebel, H.H., Mole, S.E., Lake, B.D.
- Volume
- 33 of Biomedical and Health Research
- Price
- US$114 / €103
- ISBN
- 978-90-5199-481-0
- Subject
- Biochemistry, Molecular, Cell, Medical Informatics, Medicine & Health, Neurosciences
read more...
Frontiers in Head and Neck Trauma
- Pub. date
- January 1998
- Editors
- Yoganandan, N., Pintar, F.A., Larson, S.J., Sances, Jr., A.
- Volume
- 21 of Biomedical and Health Research
- Price
- US$119 / €108
- ISBN
- 978-90-5199-369-1
- Subject
- Medicine & Health, Neurosciences, Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology
read more...
Language Industries Atlas Second Edition
- Pub. date
- January 1997
- Editors
- Kingscott, G., Edwards, J.
- Price
- US$121 / €110
- ISBN
- 978-90-5199-252-6
- Subject
- Language Speech, Neurosciences
read more...
Advances in Alzheimer’s Disease
- ISSN
- 2210-5727
Current Neurology
- ISSN
Journal of Pediatric Epilepsy
- ISSN
- 2146-457X
- Price
- US$320 / €235
- Volume
- 2; 4 issues
- Subject
- Epilepsy, Medicine & Health, Neurology, Neurosciences
read more...
Journal of Pediatric Neuroradiology
- ISSN
- 1309-6680
- Price
- US$320 / €235
- Volume
- 2; 4 issues
- Subject
- Medicine & Health, Neurology, Neuroradiology, Neurosciences, Pediatrics
read more...
Journal of Huntington’s Disease
- ISSN
- 1879-6397
- Price
- US$720 / €515
- Volume
- 2; 4 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences, Neurosciences
read more...
International Journal of Developmental Science
- ISSN
- 2192-001X
- Price
- US$250 / €185
- Volume
- 7; 4 issues
- Subject
- Life & Behavioural Sciences, Neurosciences, Social Sciences
read more...
Advances in Neuroimmune Biology
- ISSN
- 1878-948X
- Price
- US$700 / €515
- Volume
- 4; 4 issues
- Subject
- Medicine & Health, Neurosciences
read more...
Journal of Parkinson’s Disease
- ISSN
- 1877-7171
- Price
- US$776 / €555
- Volume
- 1; 4 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences
read more...
Applied Ontology
- ISSN
- 1570-5838
- Price
- US$630 / €465
- Volume
- 8; 4 issues
- Subject
- Artificial Intelligence, Cognitive Science, Computer & Communication Sciences, Medical Informatics, Semantic Web
read more...
Journal of Pediatric Neurology
- ISSN
- 1304-2580
- Price
- US$350 / €260
- Volume
- 11; 4 issues
- Subject
- Child Psychiatry, Epilepsy, Medicine & Health, Neurology, Neuroradiology, Neurosciences, Pediatrics
read more...
Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience
- ISSN
- 0922-6028
- Price
- US$1450 / €1065
- Volume
- 31; 6 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences
read more...
NeuroRehabilitation
- ISSN
- 1053-8135
- Price
- US$1020 / €750
- Volume
- 32-33; 8 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences, Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology
read more...
Journal of Vestibular Research
- ISSN
- 0957-4271
- Price
- US$1035 / €760
- Volume
- 23; 6 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences, Rehabilitation & Assistive Technology
read more...
Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease
- ISSN
- 1387-2877
- Price
- US$2520 / €1855
- Volume
- 33-37; 20 issues
- Subject
- Neurosciences
read more...
Behavioural Neurology
- ISSN
- 0953-4180
- Price
- US$1775 / €1315
- Volume
- 26-27; 8 issues
- Subject
- Cognitive Science, Neurosciences
read more...
Traumatic Brain Injury Poses Complex Diagnostic, Management and Treatment Challenges in Older People
May 7, 2013 - Each year more than 1.7 million people in the United States sustain a traumatic brain injury (TBI). The incidence of TBI in older adults poses special diagnostic, management and treatment challenges, say experts in a special collection of papers on TBI in the elderly in NeuroRehabilitation: An Interdisciplinary Journal.
Large Animal Models of Huntington’s Disease Offer New and Promising Research Options
April 23, 2013 - Scientific progress in Huntington’s disease (HD) relies upon the availability of appropriate animal models that enable insights into the disease’s genetics and/or pathophysiology. Large animal models, such as domesticated farm animals, offer some distinct advantages over rodent models, including a larger brain that is amenable to imaging and intracerebral therapy, longer lifespan, and a more human-like neuro-architecture. Three articles in the latest issue of the Journal of Huntington’s Disease discuss the potential benefits of using large animal models in HD research and the implications for the development of gene therapy.
Short-Term Benefits Seen With Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation for Focal Hand Dystonia
April 10, 2013 - Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) is being increasingly explored as a therapeutic tool for movement disorders associated with deficient inhibition throughout the central nervous system. This includes treatment of focal hand dystonia (FHD), characterized by involuntary movement of the fingers either curling into the palm or extending outward. A new study published in Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience reports short-term changes in behavioral, physiologic, and clinical measures that support further research into the therapeutic potential of rTMS.
Sexuality, Traumatic Brain Injury, and Rehabilitation
April 8, 2013 - Each year more than three million Americans are living with traumatic brain injury (TBI), a condition that is associated with physical, cognitive, and emotional problems that often affect their sexuality, and subsequently their marital stability, identity, and self-esteem. Taking an in-depth look at the impact of TBI on sexuality, an investigative team critically reviews fourteen studies representing a collective study sample of nearly 1,500 patients, partners, spouses, control individuals, and rehabilitation professionals to examine brain injury and sexuality. It is published in NeuroRehabilitation: An International Journal.
Shift of Language Function to Right Hemisphere Impedes Post-Stroke Aphasia Recovery
April 4, 2013 - In a study designed to differentiate why some stroke patients recover from aphasia and others do not, investigators have found that a compensatory reorganization of language function to right hemispheric brain regions bodes poorly for language recovery. Patients who recovered from aphasia showed a return to normal left-hemispheric language activation patterns. These results, which may open up new rehabilitation strategies, are available in the current issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
UCLA brain-imaging tool and stroke risk test help identify cognitive decline early
April 4, 2013 - UCLA researchers have used a brain-imaging tool and stroke risk assessment to identify signs of cognitive decline early on in individuals who don't yet show symptoms of dementia.
Shedding Light on Early Parkinson’s Disease Pathology
April 2, 2013 - In a mouse model of early Parkinson’s disease (PD), animals displayed movement deficits, loss of tyrosine-hydroxylase (TH)-positive fibers in the striatum, and astro-gliosis and micro-gliosis in the substantia nigra (SN), without the loss of nigral dopaminergic neurons. These findings, which may cast light on the molecular processes involved in the initial stages of PD, are available in the current issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Probable amnestic MCI people are in the highest risk of conversion to dementia
March 5, 2013 - People with probable amnestic mild cognitive impairment (MCI) have the most and closest risk of conversion to dementia, mainly Alzheimer’s disease (AD), according to a recent research of Fundació ACE, Barcelona Alzheimer Treatment and Research Center (www.fundacioace.com). That is, amnestic MCI subjects without any comorbidity that could explain their cognitive deficits have 8.5 times more risk to convert to dementia than people with non-amnestic MCI caused by cerebrovascular pathology or psycho-affective symptoms. Furthermore, a storage pattern of memory impairment, the multiple domain condition, and the presence of at least one ε4 allele increase the risk of conversion to dementia in MCI subjects.
Novel Herbal Compound Offers Potential to Prevent and Treat Alzheimer’s Disease
February 19, 2013 - Administration of the active compound tetrahydroxystilbene glucoside (TSG) derived from the Chinese herbal medicine Polygonum multiflorum Thunb, reversed both overexpression of α-synuclein, a small protein found in the brain, and its accumulation using a mouse model of Alzheimer’s disease. These results, which may shed light on the neuropathology of AD and open up new avenues of treatment, are available in the current issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Most U.S. neurologists plan to use new brain scan for Alzheimer’s detection
February 14, 2013 - A large majority of the nation's top neurologists say they would use a recently approved amyloid detection brain scan to evaluate their patients for Alzheimer's disease if the scan was paid for by health insurance, according to a survey recently published in the Journal of Alzheimer's Disease.
Vitamin D, omega-3 may help clear amyloid plaques found in Alzheimer’s
February 7, 2013 - A team of academic researchers has pinpointed how vitamin D3 and omega-3 fatty acids may enhance the immune system's ability to clear the brain of amyloid plaques, one of the hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease.
Exercise can slow onset of Alzheimer’s memory loss — scientists identify link
January 28, 2013 - Keeping active can slow down the progression of memory loss in people with Alzheimer’s disease, a study has shown. A team of researchers from The University of Nottingham has identified a stress hormone produced during moderate exercise that may protect the brain from memory changes related to the disease. The work, funded by Research into Ageing (Age UK) and the University and published in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, may also explain why people who are susceptible to stress are at more risk of developing the disease.
Blood-Based Biomarkers May Lead to Earlier Diagnosis of Parkinson’s Disease
January 21, 2013 - Parkinson's disease (PD) is a progressive neurological condition. At present, it is usually diagnosed only when motor features are present. Hence, there is a need to develop objective and measurable biomarkers to improve PD diagnostics during its earlier stage, prior to its motor onset. In this pilot study, researchers identified and tested the first blood-based circulating microRNA (miRNA) biomarkers for PD. Their results are published in the latest issue of Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.
Studies Provide New Insights into Brain-Behavior Relationships
January 16, 2013 - Approximately half a million individuals suffer strokes in the US each year, and about one in five develops some form of post-stroke aphasia, the partial or total loss of the ability to communicate. By comparing different types of aphasia, investigators have been able to gain new insights into the normal cognitive processes underlying language, as well as the potential response to interventions. Their findings are published alongside papers on hemispatial neglect and related disorders in the January, 2013 issue of Behavioural Neurology.
Cell Loss in the Brain Relates to Variations in Individual Symptoms in Huntington’s Disease
January 7, 2013 - Scientists have wrestled to understand why Huntington’s disease, which is caused by a single gene mutation, can produce such variable symptoms. An authoritative review by a group of leading experts summarizes the progress relating cell loss in the striatum and cerebral cortex to symptom profile in Huntington’s disease, suggesting a possible direction for developing targeted therapies. The article is published in the latest issue of the Journal of Huntington’s Disease.
Method developed by VTT targets diagnosis of early Alzheimer’s disease
December 5, 2012 - A software tool called PredictAD developed by VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland promises to enable earlier diagnosis of the disease on the basis of patient measurements and large databases. Alzheimer’s disease currently takes on average 20 months to diagnose in Europe. VTT has shown that the new method could allow as many as half of patients to get a diagnosis approximately a year earlier.
Biomarker Progress Offers Hope for Early Autism Spectrum Disorder Detection
December 4, 2012 - Autism spectrum disorders (ASD) are neurodevelopmental disorders typically characterized by difficulties in social interactions and delayed or abnormal language development. Although ASD reportedly affects 1 in 88 people in the United States, to date there have been no distinctive biomarkers to diagnose the disease. In a special themed issue of Disease Markers, investigators report on the current understanding of ASD genetics and the possibilities of translating genetic research toward biomarker development in ASD.
2013 Neuroscience Neurology Brochure
November 27, 2012 - Download the 2013 Neuroscience Neurology Brochure here.
Controlling Vascular Disease May Be Key to Reducing Prevalence of Alzheimer’s Disease
November 6, 2012 - Over the last 15 years, researchers have found a significant association between vascular diseases such as hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes type 2, hyperlipidemia, and heart disease and an increased risk of Alzheimer’s disease. In a special issue of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, leading experts provide a comprehensive overview of the pathological, biochemical, and physiological processes that contribute to Alzheimer’s disease risk and ways that may delay or reverse these age-related abnormalities.
Abnormal Involuntary Eye Movements in the “Lazy Eye” Disease Amblyopia Linked to Changes in Subcortical Regions of the Brain
October 17, 2012 - The neural mechanism underlying amblyopia, also called “lazy eye” is still not completely clear. A new study now reports abnormal eye movements of the lazy eye, which suggests that disturbed functioning of eye movement coordination between both eyes and not primarily the dysfunction of the visual cortex may be a cause of amblyopia (Xue-feng Shi et al.).
New Model to Explain the Role of Dopamine in Immune Regulation Described
October 11, 2012 - Dopamine is a neurotransmitter that is associated with emotions, movement, and the brain’s pleasure and reward system. In the current issue of Advances in Neuroimmune Biology, investigators provide a broad overview of the direct and indirect role of dopamine in modulating the immune system and discuss how recent research has opened up new possibilities for treating diseases such as Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s disease, schizophrenia, multiple sclerosis or even the autoimmune disorders.
Inaugural Issue International Journal of Developmental Science
October 1, 2012 - IOS Press is delighted to present the official inaugural issue of the International Journal of Developmental Science which includes a collection of short essay reviews about the merits of developmental science from some of the most renowned developmental scientist in the field.
New Diagnostic Biomarkers Offer Ray of Hope for Alzheimer’s Disease
August 30, 2012 - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most common brain disorders, with an estimated 35 million people affected worldwide. In the last decade, research has advanced our understanding of how AD affects the brain. However, diagnosis continues to rely primarily on neuropsychological tests which can only detect the disease after clinical symptoms begin. In a supplement to the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, investigators report on the development of imaging-based biomarkers that will have an impact on diagnosis before the disease process is set in motion.
Neural Interface for Hand Prosthesis Can Restore Function in Brain Areas Responsible for Motor Control
August 21, 2012 - Amputation disrupts not only the peripheral nervous system but also central structures of the brain. While the brain is able to adapt and compensate for injury in certain conditions, in amputees the traumatic event prevents adaptive cortical changes. A group of scientists reports adaptive plastic changes in an amputee’s brain following implantation of multielectrode arrays inside peripheral nerves. Their results are available in the current issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Scientists Report Promising New Direction for Cognitive Rehabilitation in the Elderly
August 21, 2012 - Research has found that declines in temporal information processing (TIP), the rate at which auditory information is processed, underlies the progressive loss of function across multiple cognitive systems in the elderly, including new learning, memory, perception, attention, thinking, motor control, problem solving, and concept formation. In a new study, scientists have found that elderly subjects who underwent temporal training improved not only the rate at which they processed auditory information, but also in other cognitive areas. The study is published in the current issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Recovery from Pediatric Brain Injury a Lifelong Process, Experts Say
July 9, 2012 - In the last ten years, a new understanding of pediatric brain injury and recovery has emerged. Professionals now understand that recovery may be a lifelong process for the child’s entire circle of family, friends, and healthcare providers. The latest efforts to advance medical and rehabilitative services to move children from medical care and rehabilitation to community reintegration are discussed by the leading experts in a recently published special issue of NeuroRehabilitation.
Music to My Eyes: Device Converting Images into Music Helps Individuals without Vision Reach for Objects in Space
July 9, 2012 - Sensory substitution devices (SSDs) use sound or touch to help the visually impaired perceive the visual scene surrounding them. The ideal SSD would assist not only in sensing the environment but also in performing daily activities based on this input. For example, accurately reaching for a coffee cup, or shaking a friend’s hand. In a new study, scientists trained blindfolded sighted participants to perform fast and accurate movements using a new SSD, called EyeMusic. Their results are published in the July issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
Years before Diagnosis, Quality of Life Declines for Parkinson’s Disease Patients
July 2, 2012 - Growing evidence suggests that Parkinson’s disease (PD) often starts with non-motor symptoms that precede diagnosis by several years. In the first study to examine patterns in the quality of life of Parkinson’ disease patients prior to diagnosis, researchers have documented declines in physical and mental health, pain, and emotional health beginning several years before the onset of the disease and continuing thereafter. Their results are reported in the latest issue of Journal of Parkinson’s Disease.
Electrical Brain Stimulation Can Alleviate Swallowing Disorders after Stroke
July 2, 2012 - After stroke, patients often suffer from dysphagia, a swallowing disorder that results in greater healthcare costs and higher rates of complications such as dehydration, malnutrition, and pneumonia. In a new study published in the July issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience, researchers have found that transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS), which applies weak electrical currents to the affected area of the brain, can enhance the outcome of swallowing therapy for post-stroke dysphagia.
Well-known Author and Historian Reports on Progress in Huntington’s Therapies
June 26, 2012 - Our understanding of the causes and mechanisms of Huntington’s disease (HD) has grown at a dramatic pace since the discovery of the genetic marker for the disease in 1983. While therapies to treat the disease lag behind these laboratory discoveries, disease altering interventions are moving closer to the clinic. In the inaugural issue of the Journal of Huntington’s Disease Alice Wexler, PhD, an authority on the history of Huntington’s disease, author, and research scholar with the UCLA Center for the Study of Women, recounts important milestones along the journey towards a treatment or cure for the disease.
Sleep Improves Functioning in Parkinson’s Patients, but Reasons Remain Elusive
June 20, 2012 - Some Parkinson’s patients report that their motor function is better upon awakening in the morning, which is contrary to what would be expected after a night without medication. This phenomenon, known as sleep benefit, has been studied but no consistent variables have been found and in the last decade there has been little new research. A new study, published in the June issue of the Journal of Parkinson’s Disease, assesses a large sample of Parkinson’s disease (PD) patients and confirms that some patients experience sleep benefit, both overnight and following afternoon naps, but finds no significant variables between those who do benefit and those who do not.
Tai Chi Increases Brain Size and Benefits Cognition in Randomized Controlled Trial of Chinese Elderly
June 20, 2012 - Scientists from the University of South Florida and Fudan University in Shanghai found increases in brain volume and improvements on tests of memory and thinking in Chinese seniors who practiced Tai Chi three times a week, reports an article published today in the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
Device Implanted in Brain Has Therapeutic Potential for Huntington’s Disease
June 19, 2012 - Studies suggest that neurotrophic factors, which play a role in the development and survival of neurons, have significant therapeutic and restorative potential for neurologic diseases such as Huntington’s disease. However, clinical applications are limited because these proteins cannot easily cross the blood brain barrier, have a short half-life, and cause serious side effects. Now, a group of scientists has successfully treated neurological symptoms in laboratory rats by implanting a device to deliver a genetically engineered neurotrophic factor directly to the brain. They report on their results in the latest issue of Restorative Neurology and Neuroscience.
New Studies Hint at Possible Approaches to Protect Those at Risk for Huntington’s Disease
June 19, 2012 - Two new studies published in the inaugural issue of the Journal of Huntington's Disease hint at possible approaches to protect those at risk for HD.
Link between Metabolic Disorders and Alzheimer’s Disease Examined
June 15, 2012 - No effective treatments are currently available for the prevention or cure of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), the most frequent form of dementia in the elderly. The most recognized risk factors, advancing age and having the apolipoprotein E Ɛ4 gene, cannot be modified or treated. Increasingly, scientists are looking toward other risk factors to identify preventive and therapeutic strategies. Much attention recently has focused on the metabolic syndrome (MetS), with a strong and growing body of research suggesting that metabolic disorders and obesity may play a role in the development of dementia.
Drink coffee to avoid Alzheimer’s Disease: study shows older adults benefit
June 6, 2012 - Research shows drinking coffee can avoid the onset of Alzheimer's Disease in people over 65 years old.
Scientists Reveal Early Diagnostic Clues for Alzheimer’s Disease Using Advanced Brain Imaging Technology
May 3, 2012 - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a major neurodegenerative disorder that affects millions of people worldwide. New and accurate techniques for early...
Anders Lönneborg, PhD, Receives 2012 Alzheimer Award
May 2, 2012 - Anders Lönneborg, PhD, has been chosen as the recipient of the 2012 Alzheimer Award presented by the Journal of Alzheimer’s...
Could hypertension drugs help people with Alzheimer’s?
October 19, 2011 - Within the next 20 years it is expected the number of people with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) will double from its current figure of half a million to one million. A new study has looked at whether certain types of drugs used to treat high blood pressure, also called hypertension, might have beneficial effects in reducing the number of new cases of Alzheimer’s disease each year.
Advances in Brain Imaging Can Expedite Research and Diagnosis in Alzheimer’s Disease
October 11, 2011 - Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is a common problem that is becoming progressively burdensome throughout the world. A new supplement to the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease, Imaging the Alzheimer Brain, clearly shows that multiple imaging systems are now available to help understand, diagnose, and treat the disease.
Scientists uncover new clues to Alzheimer’s risk gene that affects one in six
September 7, 2011 - UK scientists have uncovered how a known risk gene for Alzheimer’s might play a role in the development of the disease. The study – which was funded by Alzheimer’s Society and Alzheimer’s Research UK – provides an exciting new area of investigation for researchers developing treatments and ultimately a cure for the disease. It is being published in the current issue of the Journal of Alzheimer’s Disease.
-
11th Meeting of the French Neuroscience Society
-
IV Iberoamerican Congress on Neuroimmunomodulation
-
MDS European Summer School for Young Neurologists
-
TBI Challenge 2013
-
2013 World Congress on Huntington’s Disease
-
The 28th Annual HDSA Convention
-
CAG Triplet Repeat Disorders: Basic Science to Therapeutics
-
17th International Congress of Parkinson’s Disease and Movement Disorders
-
8th Annual CHDI Huntington’s Disease Therapeutics Conference
-
Genomics Research Europe
-
Molecular Medicine Congress
-
ADC Summit
-
World Parkinson Congress
-
XXI World Congress of Neurology
-
The 8th International Congress on Vascular Dementia & The First Cognitive Impairment European Meeting
-
XX WFN World Congress on Parkinson’s Disease and Related Disorders